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Ancapi, F B (0) Ex ante analysis of circular built environment policy coherence. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 575–93.

Anderson, B (0) A residential emissions-based carbon levy: city and neighbourhood consequences. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 545–64.

Angel, S (0) Urban expansion: theory, evidence and practice. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 124–38.

Ann Vallis, S, Karvonen, A and Eriksson, E (0) Pandemics and the built environment: A human–building interaction typology. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 158–73.

Baker, H, Moncaster, A, Wilkinson, S J and Remøy, H (0) Demolition or retention of buildings: drivers at the masterplan scale. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 488–506.

Barrie, H, McDougall, K, Miller, K and Faulkner, D (0) The social value of public spaces in mixed-use high-rise buildings. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 669–89.

Bentlin, F (2023) The urban expansion of Berlin, 1862–1900: Hobrecht’s Plan. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 36–54.

Buchholz, M and Lützkendorf, T (0) European building passports: developments, challenges and future roles. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 902–19.

Castán Broto, V, Westman, L and Huang, P (0) How hegemonic discourses of sustainability influence urban climate action. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 973–89.

Cole, R J (0) Transition to a regenerative future: a question of time. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 457–74.

Crawley, J, Wade, F and de Wilde, M (0) Gender and the heat pump transition. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 948–64.

Croffi, J, Kroll, D, Soebarto, V, Barrie, H and McDougall, K (0) Wellbeing fostered by design: a framework for evaluating indoor environment performance. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 507–23.

Cruz-Bello, G M, Galeana-Pizaña, J M and González-Arellano, S (2023) Urban growth in peri-urban, rural and urban areas: Mexico City. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 1–16.

Czekajlo, A, Alva, J, Szeto, J, Girling, C and Kellett, R (0) Impact of 2050 tree shading strategies on building cooling demands. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 817–37.

• Type: Journal Article
• Keywords: cities; climate adaptation; cooling; energy demand; municipal policy; nature-based solutions; neighbourhood planning; trees; urban energy model; Canada;
• ISBN/ISSN:
• URL: https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.353
• Abstract:
  As urban heatwaves become more severe, frequent and longer, cities seek adaptive building cooling measures. Although passive building design, energy-efficient materials and technologies and mechanical means are proven cooling methods, the potential of nature-based solutions (particularly trees as shading elements) has been understudied despite its significant opportunity. Using a new framework to explore this at the neighbourhood level, three future (2050) potential tree planting strategies are modelled for increasing tree volume and canopy cover and their impacts assessed for summer building-level solar radiation absorption (SRA) and building cooling energy demand (BCED) for a densifying neighbourhood in Vancouver, Canada. The boldest tree planting strategy, with 287% more trees than baseline and 16% canopy cover, reduced neighbourhood-scale total SRA (22%) and BCED (48%) over a no-trees scenario. BCED reductions of up to 64% for retrofitted/redeveloped buildings and 53–79% for low/medium-height buildings (mostly single-family residential) were associated with targeted south-side tree planting. Taller/larger buildings (predominantly mixed use) and buildings along north–south-oriented streets (mainly commercial and mixed use) encountered more tree shading challenges and would require more site-specific interventions. The methodology presented provides a framework to assess current and potential future shading and cooling energy benefits through various tree planting strategies. This research illustrates the tree shading and cooling potential to improve indoor liveability, reduce energy demand and reduce vulnerabilities amidst mounting extreme heat risks. This novel framework and method can be used by planners and urban designers to understand the potential cooling reduction and to develop tree planting and management strategies for effective shading and indoor cooling at the neighbourhood scale. Based on a case study neighbourhood in Vancouver for 2050 climate scenarios, this research shows increased tree volume and canopy cover can significantly reduce building SRA and BCED during the summer. The level of tree shading impact on buildings’ SRA and BCED was associated with the intensity and location of tree planting, but also the relative amount of lower height (and smaller) buildings. The boldest tree planting strategy yielded a 48% reduction in energy demand for cooling.

de Toldi, T and Pestre, T (0) The relevance of cut-stone to strategies for low-carbon buildings. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 229–57.

Dissart, J and Ricaurte, L (0) Assessing social value in housing design: contributions of the capability approach. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 867–82.

Duggan, G P, Bauleo, P, Authier, M, Aloise-young, P A, Care, J and Zimmerle, D (0) Electricity consumption in commercial buildings during Covid-19. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 851–66.

Ehrhardt, D, Behnisch, M, Jehling, M and Michaeli, M (0) Mapping soft densification: a geospatial approach for identifying residential infill potentials. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 193–211.

Evans, S, Godoy-Shimizu, D, Steadman, P, Amrith, S, Humphrey, D and Ruyssevelt, P (0) Getting to net zero: Islington’s social housing stock. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 524–44.

Eyre, N, Fawcett, T, Topouzi, M, Killip, G, Oreszczyn, T, Jenkinson, K and Rosenow, J (0) Fabric first: is it still the right approach?. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 965–72.

Gunawardena, K and Steemers, K (2023) Assessing the influence of neighbourhood-scale vertical greening application. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 103–23.

Henriksen, H M (0) From science to sales: changing representations of zero emission housing. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 594–611.

Hugo, J M (2023) Heat stress: adaptation measures in South African informal settlements. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 55–73.

Huuhka, S (0) Understanding demolition. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 927–37.

Huuhka, S, Moisio, M, Salmio, E, Köliö, A and Lahdensivu, J (0) Renovate or replace? Consequential replacement LCA framework for buildings. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 212–28.

Jonker-Hoffrén, P (0) Policy tensions in demolition: Dutch social housing and circularity. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 405–21.

Karvonen, A and Hargreaves, T (0) Data politics in the built environment. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 920–6.

Kretzschmar, D and Schiller, G (0) Non-domestic building stock: linking dynamics and spatial distributions. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 727–48.

Kuittinen, M (0) Building within planetary boundaries: moving construction to stewardship. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 565–74.

Legeby, A and Pech, C (0) Social values and social infrastructures: a multi-perspective approach to place. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 801–16.

Lu, Y, Girling, C, Martino, N, Kim, J, Kellett, R and Salter, J (2023) Climate action at the neighbourhood scale: Comparing municipal future scenarios. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 83–102.

Lundgren, R (0) Social life cycle assessment of adaptive reuse. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 334–51.

Malmqvist, T and Brismark, J (0) Embodied carbon savings of co-living and implications for metrics. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 386–404.

Mello Rose, F and Chang, J (0) Urban data: harnessing subjective sociocultural data from local newspapers. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 369–85.

Molina, G, Donn, M, Johnstone, M and MacGregor, C (0) The feeling of comfort in residential settings I: a qualitative model. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 422–40.

Molina, G, Donn, M, Johnstone, M and MacGregor, C (0) The feeling of comfort in residential settings II: a quantitative model. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 441–56.

Ness, D A (0) Technological efficiency limitations to climate mitigation: why sufficiency is necessary. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 139–57.

Pagani, A, Christie, D, Bourdon, V, Gago, C w, Joost, S, Licina, D, Lerch, M, Rozenblat, C, Guessous, I and Viganò, P (0) Housing, street and health: a new systemic research framework. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 629–49.

Parkinson, T, Schiavon, S, Kim, J and Betti, G (2023) Common sources of occupant dissatisfaction with workspace environments in 600 office buildings. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 17–35.

Pickett, S T A, Grove, J M, Boone, C G and Buckley, G L (0) Resilience of racialized segregation is an ecological factor: Baltimore case study. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 783–800.

Raiden, A and King, A (0) Added value and numerical measurement of social value: a critical enquiry. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 767–82.

Sailer, K, Thomas, M and Pachilova, R (0) The challenges of hybrid work: an architectural sociology perspective. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 650–68.

Samuel, F and Watson, K (0) Social value of the built environment. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 938–47.

Sareen, S, Smith, A, Gantioler, S, Balest, J, Brisbois, M C, Tomasi, S, Sovacool, B, Torres Contreras, G A, DellaValle, N and Haarstad, H (0) Social implications of energy infrastructure digitalisation and decarbonisation. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 612–28.

Selçuk Çıdık, M (0) Politics of social value in the built environment. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 475–87.

Serhiiuk, I and Kalakoski, I (0) Demolition or adaptation?: post-industrial buildings in Ukraine. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 352–68.

Sharma, N K, Hargreaves, T and Pallett, H (0) Social justice implications of smart urban technologies: an intersectional approach. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 315–33.

Simon, S and O’Brien, W (0) Pilot study to measure the energy and carbon impacts of teleworking. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 174–92.

Skoura, A and Madden, A (0) Assessing the social values of historic shopping arcades: building biographies. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 690–707.

Slater, K R and Robinson, J B (2023) Transformational climate actions by cities. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 74–82.

Taylor, J, Salmela, A, Täubel, M, Heimlander, A, Karvonen, A M, Pakkala, T, Lahdensivu, J and Pekkanen, J (0) Risk factors for moisture damage presence and severity in Finnish homes. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 708–26.

Tozer, L, Macrae, H and Smit, E (0) Achieving deep-energy retrofits for households in energy poverty. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 258–73.

Troje, D (0) Improving social value through facilities management: Swedish housing companies. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 749–66.

van den Berg, M, Hulsbeek, L and Voordijk, H (0) Decision-support for selecting demolition waste management strategies. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 883–901.

White, J and Larsson, S (0) Disruptive data: historicising the platformisation of Dublin’s taxi industry. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 838–50.

Zhang, Z and Lee, J D (0) Decision-making analysis for Pittsburgh’s deconstruction pilot using AHP and GIS. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 292–314.

Zimmermann, R K, Barjot, Z, Rasmussen, F N, Malmqvist, T, Kuittinen, M and Birgisdottir, H (0) GHG emissions from building renovation versus new-build: incentives from assessment methods. Buildings and Cities, 4(01), 274–91.